Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. They evaluated response diversity, a measure of responses to environmental change among different. Applying resilience thinking stockholm resilience centre. Box 4 because it impacts the functional and response diversity of a system, as. The resilience of ecosystems to environmental change recce.
Aug 10, 2015 the resilience of ecosystems depends on the diversity of species and their specific responses to environmental variation. Resilience thinking considers those properties of human and natural systems complex adaptive socialecological systems that enhance their resilience. High diversity stabilizes the thermal resilience of. Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience thomas elmqvist, stockholm university nov. Resilience and stability in bird guilds across tropical. Conclusion diversity is a key element of sustainability due to its effect on productivity, resilience, and preserving quality of life. From a 10y dataset comprising 2,880 bird censuses across a. Reduced response diversity does not negatively impact wheat. Pdf response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience. High response diversity within functional groups thus contributes to ecosystem resilience by increasing the capacity of the group to maintain its function in the face of change, thus providing ecological insurance 30, 41, such as coraldominated states. Sep, 2012 low microbiota diversity also correlates with ibd 51 and recurrent cdad 49 with unknown effects on microbiota resilience. Below we list five key mechanisms operating at the species level and provide hypotheses for their effects on the resilience of ecosystem functions.
The diversitystability hypothesis suggests that diversity provides a general insurance policy that minimizes the chance of large ecosystem changes in. Maintaining crucial ecosystem processes and services requires resilience to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Based on vegetation surveys from 2007, we tested ecosystem changes in structure, composition, and resilience i. While much of the evidence presented here has focused on the consequences of changes in species diversity on. Resilience is increasingly being considered as a new paradigm of forest management among scientists, practitioners, and policymakers. With its focus on the temporal behaviour of ecosystems, palaeoecology. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability learn science at. Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience esa journals. The application of resilience concepts in palaeoecology althea l. This variation in response within and between individual species determines both the shortterm provision and the longterm resilience of ecosystem functions.
An agroecosystem that contains a high degree of response diversity will be more resilient against various types and degrees of shocks. Holling 1973 defined ecosystem resilience as the amount of disturbance a system can absorb and yet remain within the same state or domain of. Diversity functional groups present in a living system diversity of functional groups enhances system performance response diversity response types present in functional groups image. Dec 27, 2011 the consequences of biodiversity decline in intensified agricultural landscapes hinge on surviving biotic assemblages. This program is led by the international water management institute iwmi, a member. Biodiversity, ecosystem services and resilience governance for a future. The resilience of the haplochromine cichlid fisheries appears to be determined by the genetic diversity, functional and response diversity, and ecosystem diversity beta diversity. However, metrics of resilience to environmental change are lacking. The same principle holds true for species diversity.
Ecosystem services and resilience esr is a crosscutting core theme within wle that focuses on the role of ecosystem service based approaches in building community resilience and helping wle achieve its development outcomes. Response diversity is particularly important for ecosystem renewal and reorganization following change. It has proved challenging to predict ecosystem resilience because its loss may only be apparent when thresholds are reached and the system moves to an alternate state bellwood et al. Protecting and enhancing the resilience of ecosystems u. Concepts and attributes from the resilience literature can help improve restoration and monitoring. Biodiversity and resilience of ecosystem functions. Specifically, discontinuity approaches have significant potential to measure and thus understand the resilience of ecosystems, to objectively identify critical scales of space and time in ecological systems at which human impact might be most severe, to provide warning indicators of regime change, to help.
Response diversity may also be a key determinant of ecosystem resilience in the face of anthropogenic pressures and environmental uncertainty. An ecosystem can decay and become unsustainable if resilience is lost. Here we show that the diversity of climatic responses across species. Quantifying resilience of multiple ecosystem services and. Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience. Resilience loss can feed back on itself, because disturbance has a greater effect on ecosystems that have already lost resilience. Here we present examples of response diversity from both terrestrial. Forests free fulltext tropical dry forest diversity. To support this alarming claim, the authors report yield variance data indicating increasingly homogeneous responses to climatic fluctuations in modern wheat cultivars.
Diversity, adaptability and ecosystem resilience rozenn keribin1, dr andrew friend1, dr drew purves2 1 department of geography, university of cambridge 2 microsoft research, cambridge summary. We highlight the application of discontinuity approaches for meeting management goals. Protecting and enhancing the resilience of ecosystems the u. Resilience questions the free market model within which global markets. Closely linked to resilience is adaptive capacity, which is the property of an ecosystem that describes change in stability landscapes and resilience. We identified 45 attributes explicitly related to climate change and classified them as. Ecosystem functioning and patterns of species loss. This doesnt mean that i disagree with his pointofview, just that mine differs. The diversity of responses to environmental change among species. Resilient ecosystems sustain biological diversity and human livelihoods in times of severe and wideranging change, and the concepts of resiliencebased ecosystem stewardship 5 helps people to enhance the resilience of the ecosystems within which they live, and upon which their livelihoods and wellbeing depend. Response diversity, sampling and insurance effects are said to increase the resilience and resistance of an.
Pdf regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in. Hydraulic diversity of forests regulates ecosystem resilience. Restoration practices now are confronted by climate change, which has the potential to influence longterm restoration outcomes. Redundancy and response diversity of functional groups. These include response diversity, describing the variation of responses to environmental change among species of a particular community. Decline in climate resilience of european wheat december 24. Response diversity and resilience resilience has been used in several different ways, including as an evocative metaphor in discourse on sustainability and as a quantity that is potentially measurable in a specific ses carpenter et al. The observation is that not everyone responds to changing circumstances in the same way. Response diversity builds resilience in ecosystems society.
Ecological resilience refers to the ability of an ecosystem to maintain key functions and processes in the face of stresses or pressures, by resisting and then adapting to change. At present, technology is unable to replicate most of these services, but ecosystem services are free if the diversity of an ecosystem is maintained. Driving forces of biodiversity and ecosystem service change. The diversity of responses to environmental change among species contributing to the same ecosystem function, which we call response diversity, is critical to resilience. The resilience of ecosystem functions to environmental change is likely to be. Biological diversity appears to enhance the resilience of desirable ecosystem states, which is required to secure the production of essential ecosystem services.
Biodiversity, ecosystem services and governance stockholm. In addition to the role species play in maintaining resilience, connectivity. The resilience of the haplochromine cichlid fisheries appears to be determined by the genetic diversity, functional and response diversity, and ecosystem diversity beta diversity across the range of habitats in lake victoria. The link between diversity and resilience new research shows that the most resilient companies are those that continually orchestrate a dynamic balance of four innovation strategies. More kinds of species in a particular ecosystem, the more likely it is to overcome threats such as natural disasters and climate change. Adaptive capacity in socioecological systems refers to the ability of humans to deal with change in their environment by observation, learning and altering their interactions. However, the resilience and stability of surviving biological communities remain poorly quantified. In the international free encyclopedia wikipedia, for instance, the anonymous. Biodiversity, ecosystems and ecosystem services 7 biodiversity at a suitable scale, e. The resilience and resistance of an ecosystem to a collapse.
In particular, response diversity diversity of species that respond differently to disturbance within functional groups fg is suggested to be. This is an open access article, free of all, and may be freely reproduced. The evidence reveals that the likelihood of regime shifts may increase when humans reduce resilience by such actions as removing response diversity, removing whole functional groups of. Request pdf on nov 1, 2003, thomas elmqvist and others published response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Furthermore, it is often argued that for coexistence to be possible, even functionally redundant species need to differ in some aspects, including in their susceptibility to threats or to changes to their system response diversity. Faced with novel disturbances, forests may be able to sustain existing ecosystem services and biodiversity by exhibiting resilience, or. Our results demonstrate that diversity in the hydraulic traits of trees mediates ecosystem resilience to drought and is likely to have an important role in future ecosystem atmosphere feedback. Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience elmqvist. The resilience of ecosystems depends on the diversity of species and their specific responses to environmental variation. Chapter 2 biodiversity, ecosystems and ecosystem services. Ecosystems are also subject to slowly changing longterm stresses, such as nutrient enrichment and changes in sediment supply.
In ecology, resilience is the capacity of an ecosystem to respond to a perturbation or. Ecosystem resilience an overview sciencedirect topics. Response diversity determines the resilience of ecosystems. It is easier to lose diversity, productivity and even more resilience from ecosystems with decreased resilience. Another aspect of diversity that may be particularly important for promoting resilience is functional response diversity, defined as the degree to which species in a community that contribute to the same ecosystem function. For example, various elements such as the water cycle, fertility, biodiversity. However, this is not to say that such measures are mutually exclusive. Finally, ecosystem diversity measures number a variety of different ecosystems in a region. Patrick reinmoeller and nicole van baardwijk july 15, 2005 reading time. Response diversity and resilience in socialecological systems. An indicator framework for assessing agroecosystem resilience. The range, prevalence, and spatial and temporal distributions of different responses may be crucial to the resilience or the transformation of a socialecological system, and thus have a bearing on human vulnerability and wellbeing in the face of environmental, socioeconomic, and political change. Mar 01, 2010 as a response, i intentionally named this post dispersion, diversity, and resilience.